Investigates how physiological functions and processes in organisms are influenced by and adapt to environmental conditions. Focuses on the interplay between biochemical, cellular, and organ system mechanisms, highlighting evolutionary modifications across diverse species. Emphasizes comparative physiology, exploring how environmental factors shape survival strategies in various ecosystems. Includes hands-on projects where students independently design, execute, analyze, and present semester-long research in a simulated symposium format. Three hours lecture and three hours laboratory. Prerequisites: BIO-307 or BIO-311 and CHM-211, each with a minimum grade of C, or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: BIO-421L. [ 4 credits ]